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The Ibāḍī movement, Ibadism or Ibāḍiyya or also known as the Ibadis ((アラビア語:الاباضية), ''al-Ibāḍiyyah'') is a school of Islam dominant in Oman and Zanzibar;〔(Schism between Sunni and Shia has been poisoning Islam for 1,400 years - and it's getting worse )〕 Ibāḍī are also found in Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and East Africa. The Ibāḍī movement is said to have been founded 20 years after the death of the Muslim prophet Muhammad, predating both the Sunni and Shia denominations. Historians and a majority of Muslims believe that the denomination is a reformed sect of the ''Khawārij'' or Khārijite movement;〔Valerie Jon Hoffman, ''The Essentials of Ibadi Islam'', pg. 3. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780815650843〕 Ibāḍīs, however, deny anything more than a passing relation to the Khawārij and point out that they merely developed out of the same precursor group.〔 Although the Ibadis' strict adherence to the sharia in public and private matters has been described as puritanical, the character of their denomination is considered to be one of moderation and tolerance towards other views and religions.〔Donald Hawley, ''Oman'', pg. 201. Jubilee edition. Kensington: Stacey International, 1995. ISBN 0905743636〕 == History == The school derives its name from ʿAbdu l-Lāh ibn Ibāḍ of the Banu Tamim.〔Uzi Rabi, ''The Emergence of States in a Tribal Society: Oman Under Saʻid Bin Taymur, 1932-1970'', pg. 5. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2006. ISBN 9781845190804〕 Ibn Ibad was responsible for breaking off from the wider Kharijite movement roughly around the time that Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, the fifth Umayyad ruler, took power.〔Valerie Jon Hoffman, ''The Essentials'', pg. 11.〕 However, the true founder was Jābir ibn Zayd of Nizwa, Oman.〔Valerie Jon Hoffman, ''The Essentials'', pg. 12.〕〔Donald Hawley, ''Oman'', pg. 199.〕 Initially, Ibadi theology developed in Basra, Iraq.〔Joseph A. Kechichian, ''Oman and the World: The Emergence of an Independent Foreign Policy'', pg. 24. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 1995. ISBN 9780833023322〕 The Ibadis opposed the rule of the third caliph in Islam, Uthman ibn Affan, but unlike the more extreme Kharijites the Ibadis rejected the murder of Uthman as well as the Kharijite belief that all Muslims holding differing viewpoints were infidels.〔Daniel McLaughlin, ''Yemen and: The Bradt Travel Guide'', pg. 203. Guilford: Brandt Travel Guides, 2007. ISBN 9781841622125〕 The Ibadis were among the more moderate groups opposed to the fourth caliph, Ali, and wanted to return Islam to its form prior to the conflict between Ali and Muawiyah I.〔Diana Darke, ''Oman: The Bradt Travel Guide'', pg. 27. Guilford: Brandt Travel Guides, 2010. ISBN 9781841623320〕〔Donald Hawley, ''Oman'', pg. 200.〕 Due to their opposition to the Umayyad Caliphate, the Ibadis attempted an armed insurrection starting in the Hijaz region during the 8th century. Caliph Marwan II led a 4,000 strong army and routed the Ibadis first in Mecca, then in Sana'a in Yemen, and finally surrounded them in Shibam in western Hadhramaut.〔 Problems back in their heartland of Syria forced the Umayyads to sign a peace accord with the Ibadis, and the sect was allowed to retain a community in Shibam for the next four centuries while still paying taxes to Ibadi authorities in Oman.〔 For a period after Marwan II's death, Jabir ibn Zayd maintained a friendship with Umayyad general Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, who supported the Ibadis as a counterbalance to more extreme kharijites. Ibn Zayd ordered the assassination of one of Al-Hajjaj's spies, however, and in reaction many Ibadis were imprisoned or exiled to Oman.〔 It was during the 8th century that the Ibadis established an imamate in the inner region of Oman. The position was an elected one, as opposed to Sunni and Shi'a dynasties where rule was inherited.〔〔J. R. C. Carter, ''Tribes in Oman'', pg. 103. London: Peninsular Publishers, 1982. ISBN 0907151027〕 These imams exerted political, spiritual and military functions.〔''(A Country Study: Oman )'', chapter 6 Oman – Government and Politics, section: Historical Patterns of Governance. US Library of Congress, 1993. Retrieved 2006-10-28〕 By the year 900, Ibadism had spread to Sind, Khorosan, Hadhramaut, Dhofar, Oman proper, Muscat, the Nafusa Mountains, and Qeshm; by 1200, the sect was present in Al-Andalus, Sicily, M'zab (the Algerian Sahara), and the western part of the Sahel region as well.〔 The last Ibadis of Shibam were expelled by the Sulayhid dynasty in the 12th century. In the 14th century, historian Ibn Khaldun made reference to vestiges of Ibadi influence in Hadhramaut, though the sect no longer exists in the region today.〔Daniel McLaughlin, ''Yemen'', pg. 204.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ibadi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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